90后检察官讲中国检察史（下）

Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to be here!

尊敬的各位来宾，欢迎大家的到来！

I' m Yin Yutong, and we are all young officers from Dongcheng

District People’s Procuratorate of Beijing.

我是今天的主讲人尹雨桐，我们都是来自北京市东城区人民检察院的年轻干警。

Good morning!

大家上午好！

Today, we’d like to share with you“The Endeavour of China’s Procuratorate”.

今天，我们邀您走入“中国检察的奋进之旅：中国特色社会主义检察制度的演进与创新”的课堂。

Through representative artefacts, landmark cases, stories, and practices,

通过具有代表性的检察文物、案例、故事、实践，

you will see the ninety years of development of China’s procuratorial system.

展现中国检察制度90余年的发展历程。

We’ll invite you to step into 4 historical periods.

您将随我步入4段历史时期。

This is our fourth period, start from 2012.

2012年之后，进入我们第四个历史时期。

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,

党的十八大以来，

Procuratorial organs not only supervise criminal, civil, administrative trials, and the enforcement of judgments.

中国检察机关在打击刑事犯罪，依法对刑事、民事、行政诉讼活动及生效法律文书执行进行法律监督的同时，

But also to safeguard the public interest.

还履行维护社会公共利益的神圣职责。

A foundamental framework of the “Four Major Procuratorial Divisions ”—

“四大检察”基本格局

Criminal, Civil, Administrative, and Public Interest Litigation —

刑事检察、民事检察、行政检察、公益诉讼检察

has gradually taken shape.

逐渐形成。

Next through four stories, let’s see these four functions in action.

接下来我们将通过四个故事，带大家了解“四大检察”。

Now, let’s welcome my colleague to share the first story, welcome.

有请我的同事向大家分享第一个故事。

【Reflections on Article 20 of the Criminal Law

《第二十条》引发的思考】

My name is Fan Tingyu, from the criminal department.

大家好，我是来自刑事检察部门的范婷玉。

Let me begin with a film.

我先从一部电影说起。

The film told three related cases.

这部电影中讲了三个相关案例。

First，a thug raped a woman with a hearing and speech disability.

第一个案例是歹徒强奸一名聋哑人，

Her husband stopped him and killed him in the struggle.

聋哑人的丈夫制止、“反杀”该歹徒。

Second, at school, a secondary school student bullied a classmate.

第二个案例是学校里一名中学生霸凌同学，

Another student stepped in to stop it and, in the scuffle, injured the bully.

另一名同学上前制止，扭打中把霸凌者打伤。

Third, on a bus, a male passenger molested a woman.

第三个案例是公交车上一名男乘客猥亵女乘客，

The driver intervened to stop the offence and injured the man.

公交车司机在制止违法行为时将男乘客打伤。

Each story came from a real case handled by Chinese prosecutors.

这些案例的原型都是中国检察机关办理的真实案件。

The title of the film is Article 20, it refers to Article 20 of China’s Criminal Law,

电影名《第二十条》指的是中国刑法第二十条，

which provides: Where a person conducts an act to stop an unlawful infringement in order to avert an immediate and unlawful infringement of the state's interest 

其中规定“为了使国家利益、

or of the public interest or of his own or another person's rights of the person, or property rights, or other rights,

公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在进行的不法侵害，而采取的制止不法侵害的行为

resulting in harm to the unlawful infringer,

对不法侵害人造成损害的，

such an act shall be justifiable defence, and criminal responsibility shall not be borne for such an act.

属于正当防卫，不负刑事责任”。

This is the clause on justifiable defence.

这就是正当防卫条款。

In the past, many similar cases were not recognised as justifiable defence.

在以往司法实践中，不少类似案件没有认定为正当防卫，

One reason was the outcome: The defender had, in fact, injured or even killed the offender.

主要是因为防卫方客观上造成侵害方受伤甚至死亡的结果，

Old notions held sway, “Whoever is hurt is in the right.”“Whoever dies is in the right.” 

受“谁伤谁有理”“谁死谁有理”的传统观念影响，

Evidence-gathering and assessment were also difficult.

加上证据的采集和认定往往比较困难，

Judicial organs were cautious when applying the law on justifiable defence.

司法机关在认定正当防卫适用法律时也往往顾虑较多。

As a result, for a long time, Article 20 was not accurately applied in accordance with the law.

这就导致在一定时间里，刑法第二十条没有得到依法准确适用。

In recent years, procuratorates have focused on these widely discussed, high-profile cases.

近年来，中国检察机关抓住这些引起社会广泛关注和讨论的典型案例，

We have recognised them in accordance with the law and applied the justifiable defence clause correctly.

依法认定、正确适用正当防卫法律条款，

The “sleeping” Article 20 has been re-awakened.

激活了“沉睡”的第二十条。

By handling a series of justifiable defence cases accurately and in accordance with the law,

检察机关通过依法准确办理一系列正当防卫案件，

procuratorates have sent a clear signal to society: The law must not yield to the unlawful.

向全社会释放了“法不能向不法让步”的司法理念和价值判断，

Thus, fairness and justice can resonate with the scales of fairness in the people’s hearts.

让公正司法与人民群众心中的那杆“秤”同频共振。

This is the story I wanted to share.

这是我要分享的故事。

Now, allow me to introduce my colleague to share the next story.

下面有请我的同事为大家分享下一个故事。

【From 1.8 Million to 11 Million — What Lay Behind It

从180万到1100万的背后】

My name is Zhu Jiangqi.

大家好，我是朱蒋琪。

Today, I will share a civil case where we filed a procuratorial protest.

我和大家分享一起环境污染责任纠纷民事抗诉案。

In this case, Li, ran a sapling nursery.

案件中的李某创办了一个苗木基地。

However, the saplings began to wither.

没过几年，种植的苗木大量枯萎。

He believed a coal mine nearby had over-extracted coal, lowering groundwater and drying the land.

李某认为是附近一家煤矿公司过量开采煤矿造成地下水下降导致的，

So, he sued the mine for damages.

于是向法院提起民事诉讼，要求赔偿损失。

But the mine said, “it’s not us — it’s Li’s poor management”.

煤矿公司则认为是李某管理不善造成的。

Then, the court brought in experts.

法院在审理过程中，找了专业机构进行鉴定，

They said: The cause was drought.

证实造成苗木枯萎的主要原因是干旱，

But they could not tell why there was drought.

但没有明确干旱的原因是什么。

The first-instance court found no evidence to prove that the coal mine’s extraction activities caused the drought, so it against Li.

一审法院认为，不能证明煤矿开采导致了干旱，判决李某败诉。

Li appealed.

李某不服判决，提起上诉。

At second instance, the judges found: The groundwater authority had concluded that mining was the main reason the underground water level fell.

二审法院查明，地下水监测部门认定煤矿开采是地下水下降的主要原因，

And that fall was one cause of the drought.

而地下水下降又是造成干旱的原因之一，

The mine must pay1.8 million yuan to Li.

因此判决煤矿公司赔偿李某损失180万元。

But to Li, it was too little.

李某认为赔偿太少，

He appeal to the higher Court.

向上级法院申请再审。

The Court found no error in the second instance court’s judgment,

上级法院认为，判决并无不当，

and dismissed the appeal for a retrial.

驳回再审申请。

Then, Li came to us.

李某又到检察机关申请监督。

The Supreme People’s Procuratorate reviewed the case.

最高人民检察院审查认为，

It found that the damage arose from ecological destruction,

这起案件是生态破坏行为造成的损害，

and in the eyes of law it was an environmental liability dispute.

性质上属于环境污染责任纠纷。

As the law dictates, in such cases, the burden of proof lies with the defendant — to show whether causation exists, or grounds for exemption.

按照法律规定，这类案件中是否存在因果关系、免责事由，应该由被告承担举证责任，

Compensation must cover the loss already suffered and foreseeable losses to come.

而且赔偿损失的范围既包括现有损失，也包括可预见的损失。

The mining company offered no evidence sufficient to excuse or lessen its liability.

煤矿公司并没有提供足够的证据为自己免责、减责。

The Supreme People’s Procuratorate lodged a protest, 

最高人民检察院依法向最高人民法院提出抗诉，

and the Supreme People’s Court reversed its ruling.

最高人民法院依法改判，

FInally, the mine must pay 11 million yuan to Li.

煤矿公司赔偿李某1100万元。

By raising procuratorial protests against wrongful judgments,

检察机关通过对确有错误的法院民事裁判提出抗诉，

prosecutors uphold justice and the lawful rights of the people. 

维护司法公平正义，维护当事人合法权益。

That’s all, thank you！My colleague will share the next story.

我的分享到此结束，谢谢大家，下面由我的同事分享下一个故事。

【Two Protests, Then a Reversal

两次抗诉后的改判】

My name is Yao Jialei, a prosecutor from the administrative department.

大家好，我来自行政检察部门。

Today, I will share a story named Two Protests, Then a Reversal.

今天我分享的故事是《两次抗诉后的改判》。

It’s about an administrative protest concerning the recognition of a work-related injury.

这是一起工伤认定行政抗诉案。

Zhang was an employee of a company.

张某是一家公司的员工，

One evening, after work, the boss told him to deliver goods to a customer.

有一天下班后，受老板指派，开车外出给客户送货。

Zhang did it.

送完之后，

But, on his way home, he was involved in a traffic accident.

开车回家途中发生交通事故，

He was left paralysed in all four limbs, classified as having a first-degree disability.

造成四肢瘫痪、一级伤残。

Then Zhang applied to the competent authority for recognition of the injury as work-related. 

张某向主管部门申请认定工伤，

But the authority held that Zhang could not prove that he was not fully responsible for the accident, so refused the grant recognition.

主管部门认为张某无法证明自己在交通事故中不负主要责任，作出不予认定工伤的行政决定。

Zhang appealed by way of administrative review, and then by administrative litigation.

张某不服，又提起行政复议、行政诉讼，

But both motions were dismissed for the same reason.

但都因为相同的原因被驳回。

Zhang then turned to our prosecutors.

张某向检察机关申请监督。

Upon review, we found that Zhang’s accident stemmed directly from the changes in working hours and travel route arising from his overtime work arrangements in delivering goods.

检察机关审查认为，张某因为完成加班送货任务造成工作时间和回家路线的改变，

The accident was therefore closely linked to his work, and should be recognised as a work-related injury.

发生事故致残和外出工作是密切相关的，应当认定为工伤。

The authority had refused recognition, but without a legal basis.

主管部门不予认定工伤，但没有提供相应的依据。

Later, the procuratorate lodged a protest.

检察机关依法提出抗诉，

The court reversed its judgment, and ordered the authority to recognise the injury,

法院依法予以改判，由主管部门作出认定工伤决定书，

and Zhang’s employer was required to pay him over three million yuan in compensation.

张某所在企业依据决定书给予其工伤赔偿300余万元。

By raising protests against erroneous administrative rulings,

检察机关通过对确有错误的法院行政裁判提出抗诉，

our prosecutors promoted judicial fairness and ensured the rule of law in administration. 

促进公正司法和依法行政。

That’s my whole story for today. Now, allow me to introduce my colleague for the next story. Welcome!

这就是我故事的全部，下面有请我的同事来分享下一个故事。

【The Transformation of the Grain Granary from the Ming Dynasty明代禄米仓的蜕变】

My name is Xu Sicheng, a recruit from the public interest litigation department.

大家好，我是一名公益诉讼检察干警。

The site I am about to present today lies hidden at alleys in Dongcheng District:

今天向大家介绍的这处文物建筑就藏在东城区的胡同里，

A grain granary built over 460 years ago, used in the Ming and Qing dynasties to store rice paid to officials as their stipend.

这座明清两代储存京官俸米的粮仓距今已有460余年历史，

It is a precious relic.

是珍贵的历史文物。

Yet for many years it had been used simply as a warehouse.

但曾长期被作为仓库使用，

It was badly damaged, and posed dangers to the relic’s safety and its historic character.

破损严重，并对文物安全及其历史风貌构成了威胁。

Our procuratorate, together with the Military Procuratorate of Beijing, initiated administrative public interest proceedings.

我院与北京军事检察院联合启动行政公益诉讼程序，

The authorities expressed willingness to repair, but faced obstacles:

相关部门虽然表示积极整改，但也提出一些现实困难，

Entry into the military compound was restricted, and there was no special funding for restoration works.

包括进出营区不便，没有专项资金修缮文物等。

So how to deal with these problems?

如何解决这些问题呢？

We pressed the district bureau of culture and tourism, and the local street office,

我院督促区文旅局、属地街道

to apply for funding from the higher heritage authorities.

协同向上级文物保护部门申请修缮资金，

We coordinated with the Military Procuratorate to resolve the problem of access to military compounds.

协调北京军事检察院解决进入营区的问题，

We further secured agreement from the occupiers of the relics:

并促成文物使用单位

That once restored, two granaries would be handed over to the local government to open as museums,

将修缮后的2个仓廒交由地方政府作为博物馆开放，

bringing the relics to life again.

实现文物的活化利用。

To date, the granaries have been renovated.

目前，仓廒已完成修缮。

This case achieved a “triple effect”: The occupier’s rights respected, the local authorities’ duties fulfilled, and the relic put to active use.

该案的办理实现了“禄米仓”单位使用权、属地保护义务和文物活化利用“三效合一”。

It was selected as a guiding case by the Supreme People’s Procuratorate — the very first of its kind in Beijing in the field of public interest litigation. 

这个案例获评了最高检指导性案例，也是北京市首例公益诉讼领域的指导性案例。

That’s all, thank you!

我的分享到此结束，谢谢大家！

Today, in sharing with you the history of our system,

今天，我们向各位来宾分享中国检察的发展历史，

we open not only a window for display,

不仅是打开一扇展示的窗口，

but also a bridge for dialogue.

更是希望搭建一座沟通的桥梁。

Though we come from different nations and diverse legal traditions,

虽然我们来自不同的国家，有着不同的法律体系，

fairness and justice remain our common language;

但公平正义是我们共同的语言，

the pursuit of an ideal society remains our shared conviction.

追寻理想社会是我们相通的信念。

Let us stride forward together; let us learn from one another;

让我们携手共进，

and in that spirit of exchange,

在交流互鉴中，

let us help build a world more just, more fair, more radiant with the rule of law.

为建设更加公正、美好的法治世界贡献力量！

Thank you!

谢谢大家！